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SciencePhilosophyExploration

Al-Biruni

A polymath measures the Earth from a mountain and writes an honest book about India.

When
Duration
31 years
Known to
± 10 years
Era
Post-Classical, Holocene

Al-Biruni computes the Earth's radius from the angle of the horizon seen from a hilltop, getting within about one per cent, determines specific gravities of eighteen substances to remarkable precision, and — having travelled with Mahmud of Ghazni's campaigns — writes a study of Indian religion, science and custom that makes a deliberate effort to describe beliefs as their holders understood them rather than as errors.

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