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TechnologyExplorationScience

Longitude solved

A clockmaker builds a timepiece accurate at sea, and navigation stops being guesswork.

When
Duration
43 years
Known to
± 1 year
Era
Early Modern, Holocene

Finding longitude requires knowing the time at a reference place, which needs a clock that works on a rolling, damp, temperature-varying ship — where pendulums fail. John Harrison, a self-taught carpenter, spends decades on the problem; his H4 of 1761 loses five seconds on a voyage to Jamaica. The Board of Longitude resisted paying him, favouring astronomical methods. Accurate charts and safe long-distance navigation follow.

Just before

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